Central Asia Takes Its Critical Mineral Diplomacy to Japan

And Japan makes it five for the C5 in 2025. The heads of state of the five Central Asian countries are traveling to Japan for a December 19-20 summit hosted by Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takachi under a format dubbed C5+1. It marks the fifth such “C5+1” summit for Central Asian leaders this year, following similar gatherings each involving a different major global power — China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. Each C5+1 meeting has followed roughly the same script with bilateral meetings, a plenary session,…